Losing weight through calorie reduction
With CR, energy is conserved and there is less free radical generation. These results link reduced oxidative DNA damage to slower aging. Sohal et al. Two main lifespan studies have been performed involving nonhuman primates ( rhesus monkeys ). Caloric restriction will help you to lose weight. The first person to promote calorie restriction as a means of prolonging life was Luigi Cornaro, a 15th-century Venetian nobleman who adopted a calorie restricted diet at age 35 to address his failing health. When you eat fewer calories, you tend to lose weight overall or to slow your rate of weight gain. As late as the Renaissance it was largely the negative aspects of this phase of life which were emphasized. In many calorie restriction studies, it is believed that Sir2 mediates the longevity effects from calorie restriction for several reasons. observed that caloric restriction decreased 8-OHdG damages in the DNA of mice heart, skeletal muscle, brain, liver and kidney. The (mito)hormesis hypothesis of CR proposes that the diet imposes a low-intensity biological stress on the organism, which elicits a defensive response that helps protect it against the causes of aging. Caloric restriction diet plans should always be performed for only a short period of time. In other words, CR places the organism in a defensive state so that it can survive adversity, resulting in improved health and longer life. Lowering the temperature may prolong the lifespan of cold blooded animals. Caloric restriction is both a potentially helpful tool for weight loss and diet management, as well as a risky behavior to perpetuate. This term refers to the intentional monitoring of calories to ensure that fewer calories than normal are ingested. In some studies, low body weight has been associated with increased mortality, particularly in late middle-aged or elderly subjects. Contrary to popular belief, the type of calories that you do eat while maintaining a restricted diet are very important.
It has been recently argued that during years of famine, it may be evolutionarily desirable for an organism to avoid reproduction and to up-regulate protective and repair enzyme mechanisms to try to ensure that it is fit for reproduction in future years. Two very prominent proposed explanations of aging that have a bearing on calorie restriction are the free radical theory and the glycation theory. The level of 8-OHdG is often used as an indicator of the general level of oxidative damage in DNA. Caloric restriction can be performed in a healthy and safe manner. Generally, more moderate caloric restriction plans are better over the long term for maintaining substantial weight loss. Caloric restriction lowers the core body temperature, a phenomenon believed to be an adaptive response to reduce energy expenditure when nutrients availability is limited. These findings were explored in detail by a series of experiments with mice conducted by Roy Walford and his student Richard Weindruch. By lowering the amount of calories you put into your body, you change this balance to skew toward weight loss. Work on the mechanisms of CR has given hope to the synthesizing of future drugs to increase the human life span by simulating the effects of calorie restriction. Less blood glucose means less glycation of adjacent proteins and less fat to oxidize in the bloodstream to cause sticky blocks resulting in atherosclerosis. CR diets typically lead to reduced body weight, yet reduced weight can come from other causes and is not in itself necessarily healthy. Generally speaking, any type of dieting is caloric restriction. Southam and Ehrlich (1943) reported that a bark extract that was known to inhibit fungal growth actually stimulated growth when given at very low concentrations. There may even be a continuum between CR and the metabolic syndrome. Some research has pointed toward hormesis as an explanation for the benefits of CR. In 1986, Weindruch reported that restricting the calorie intake of laboratory mice proportionally increased their life span compared to a group of mice with a normal diet. Thus in rodents, calorie restriction slows aging, decreases ROS production and reduces the accumulation of oxidative DNA damage in multiple organs. In 1934, Mary Crowell and Clive McCay of Cornell University observed that laboratory rats fed a severely reduced calorie diet while maintaining micronutrient levels resulted in life spans of up to twice as long as otherwise expected. Long-term calorie restriction at a level sufficient for slowing the aging process is generally not recommended in children, adolescents, and young adults (under the age of approximately 21), because this type of diet may interfere with natural physical growth, as has been observed in laboratory animals. With high amounts of energy available, mitochondria do not operate very efficiently and generate more superoxide. For caloric restriction for the purpose of weight loss, see dieting.
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